Is there such a thing as a ‘law of
the stimulant [to sin]’?
It seems that there is no such thing as
a ‘law of the stimulant to sin (fomes [peccati]):
Objection 1:
In Etymologia 5 Isidore says, “The law is founded
upon reason.” But the stimulant to sin does not consist
in reason, but rather deviates from reason. Therefore,
the stimulant to sin does not have the character of law.
Objection 2:
Every law is obligatory in the sense that anyone who does
not keep it is called a transgressor. But the stimulant
to sin does not render anyone a transgressor by virtue of
his not following it; to the contrary, he is rendered a
transgressor if he does follow it. Therefore, the
stimulus to sin does not have the character of law.
Objection 3:
As was established above (q. 90, a. 2), law is ordered
toward the common good. But the stimulant to sin inclines
one not toward the common good, but instead toward his own
private good. Therefore, the stimulant to sin does not
have the character of law.
But contrary to this:
In Romans 7:23 the Apostle says, “I see another law in my
members, fighting against the law of my mind.”
I respond:
As was explained above (a. 2), law exists in an
essential way in that which rules and measures, whereas
it exists by way of participation in that which is measured
and ruled—so that, as is clear from what was said above,
every inclination or ordering that is found in things
that are subject to the law is called ‘law’ by way of
participation.
Now there are two ways in which an inclination stemming
from the lawmaker can be found in things that are subject
to the law: (a) in one way, insofar as such an
inclination directly inclines the things subject
to it toward something, and sometimes diverse subjects
to diverse acts, in the way that military law (lex
militum) can be said to be different from business
law (lex mercatorum); (b) in another way, indirectly,
viz., insofar as the fact that the lawmaker takes away
some office (dignitas) from one who is subject
to him results in the latter’s passing into another
order and, as it were, into another law. For instance,
if a soldier is discharged from the army, then he will
pass into rural law or business law.
So, then, under God the lawmaker different creatures
have different natural inclinations, with the result
that what is in some way law for one is contrary to
what is law for another. For instance, being
fierce is in some sense the law for a dog, whereas
it is contrary to the law for a sheep or some other
gentle animal.
Thus, the law for man, which is given by divine ordination
according to man’s proper condition, is that he should
act in accord with to reason. This law was, to
be sure, so strong in man’s initial state that nothing
either beyond reason or contrary to reason could sneak
up on man. But once man turned away from God,
he fell into being carried away by the impetus of sensuality;
and this happens in a particular way to each man the
more he recedes from reason, so that he becomes in a
certain sense like the beasts, which are carried away
by the impetus of sensuality—this according to Psalm
48:21 (“Man, when he existed in honor, did not understand:
he has been put on the same footing as senseless beasts
and been made similar to them”).
So, then, this inclination toward sensuality, which
is called the ‘stimulant’ (fomes), has the character
of law absolutely speaking in the case of the other
animals—yet in the manner in which it can be called
‘law’ in such animals, viz., as a direct inclination.
In men, by contrast, the stimulant does not have the
character of law in this way, but is rather a deviation
from the law of reason. Yet insofar as man was
stripped of original justice and of vigorous reason
through God’s justice, this impetus to sensuality which
leads him on has the character of law in the sense that
it is a punishment and follows from God’s law, now that
man has been stripped of his proper dignity.
Reply
to objection 1: This argument proceeds from
the stimulant considered by itself, insofar as it inclines
one to evil. For, as has been explained, it does
not in this sense have the character of law. Instead,
it has the character of law insofar as it follows from
the justice of God’s law—in the way that one might call
it a law that a nobleman should, because of some sin,
be subjected to the work of a servant.
Reply to objection 2:
This objection proceeds on the assumption that the
stimulant is a law in the sense of a rule and measure; for
those who deviate from the law in this sense are rendered
transgressors. However, the stimulant is not a law in
this sense, but is instead a law by participation of a
certain sort, in the way explained above.
Reply to objection 3:
This argument proceeds from the stimulant’s proper
inclination and not from its origin. Yet if the
inclination toward sensuality is considered as it exists
in other animals, then it is indeed ordered to the common
good, i.e., to the conservation of nature in the species
and in the individual. And this is also true in the case
of man, to the extent that sensuality is subject to
reason. However, the name ‘stimulant’ is used for it
insofar as it departs from the order of reason. |