Does the Old Law contain just one
precept ?
It seems that the Old Law contains
only one precept (praeceptum):
Objection 1: As was
established above (q. 92, a. 2), a law is nothing
other than a precept. But the Old Law is a single
law. Therefore, it contains only one precept.
Objection 2:
In Romans 13:9 the Apostle says, “If there is any other
commandment, it is comprised in this word: ‘You shall
love your neighbor as yourself’.” But this is a single
commandment (mandatum). Therefore, the Old Law
contains only one commandment.
Objection 3:
Matthew 7:12 says, “All things whatsoever you would that
men should do to you, do you also to them; for this is the
Law and the prophets.” But the whole of the Old Law is
contained in the Law and the prophets. Therefore, the
whole of the Old Law contains just one precept.
But contrary to this:
In Ephesians 2:15 the Apostle says, “..... making void
the Law of commandments contained in decrees.” And he is
talking about the Old Law, as is clear from the Gloss on
this same passage. Therefore, the Old Law contains many
commandments within itself.
I respond:
Since a precept of the law is obligatory, it has to
do with something that ought to be done. But the
fact that something ought to be done stems from its
being necessary for some end. Hence, it is clearly
part of the notion of a precept that it implies an ordering
to an end—viz., insofar as what is commanded is necessary
or expedient for that end. Now
it is possible for a single end to be such that many
things are necessary or expedient for it. Accordingly,
precepts can be given with respect to different things
insofar as they are ordered to a single end. Hence,
one should claim that (a) all the precepts of the Old
Law are one insofar as they are ordered to a single
end, and yet that (b) they are many because of the diversity
of the things that are ordered to that end.
Reply to objection 1:
The Old Law is called a single law because it is ordered
to a single end, and yet it contains diverse precepts
because of the distinction among the things that are
ordered to that end. Similarly, the art of building is a
single art because of the oneness of its end, since it
aims at building a house; and yet it contains diverse
precepts because of the diversity of the acts that are
ordered to this end.
Reply to objection 2:
As the Apostle says in 1 Timothy 1:5, “The goal
of the precept is charity.” For every law aims
at establishing the friendship either of men with one
another or of man with God. And so the whole of
the Law is fulfilled in the single commandment, “You
shall love your neighbor as yourself,” taken as the
goal of all the commandments. For the love of
God is also included in the love of neighbor when the
neighbor is loved because of God. Hence, the Apostle
used this one precept in place of the two precepts which
have to do with the love of God and the love of neighbor
and about which Our Lord says in Matthew 22:40, “On
these two commandments depend the whole Law and the
prophets.”
Reply
to objection 3:
As Ethics 9 puts it, “The friendly acts directed
toward another proceed from the friendly acts that a
man directs toward himself,” viz., as long as the man
is related to the other in the same way that he is related
to himself. And so when it says, “All things whatsoever
you would that men should do to you, do you also to
them,” a certain rule for the love of neighbor, implicitly
contained in “You shall love your neighbor as yourself,”
is being explicated. Hence, it is a sort of explication
of that commandment.
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